Entangled photons are a promising tool for outperforming classical measurement methods. In
this thesis, we will study the propagation of entangled photons through single mode and polarization maintaining fibers of short length. The invention of optical glass fibers has revolutionized the field of telecommunications. The signal transmission rate is increased by adapting the fiber properties such as dispersion, leading to a temporal broadening. Two entangled photons are created in our case during the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process arising in a nonlinear crystal. Their generation occurs within a time window of a few tens of fs. Delay and dispersion are applied on the two-photon state with a prism compressor being combined with a spatial light modulator. These characteristics are applied to sense the fiber properties, such as the dispersion, based on the ultrafast coincidence detection in a second non-linear crystal. The advantage for using entangled photons is their low peak energy, which avoids the appearance of non-linear effects in the fiber. The propagation through polarization maintaining fibers is as well analyzed and the difference in refractive index between the fiber modes is determined with an uncertainty of 1%.
Additionally, the propagation of classical light is compared to the transmission of time-energy
entangled photons through fibers. We determine the dispersion of various fiber types using a
white light Mach-Zehnder interferometer, where we superpose different optical path lengths in
the reference arm by introducing delay loops. This improvement speeds up the measurement time of high dispersion fiber Bragg gratings by a factor of 5. Furthermore, we implement a calibration based on the determination of the deviations between the fitting model and experimental data of the relative phase change perceived by the passage of the light through the single mode fiber. Our enhanced interferometer can be used to determine the dispersion of optical fibers with less than 1% uncertainty.